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Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,cite-ref-2[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.cite-ref-eol-3-0[3]cite-ref-0-4-0[4]

Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.cite-ref-eol-3-1[3]cite-ref-5[5]

They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.cite-ref-sigvaldadottir-6-0[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.cite-ref-7[7]

The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.cite-ref-0-4-1[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.cite-ref-8[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.cite-ref-9[9]

Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.cite-ref-marshall-10-0[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.

• Subfamilies

• References

• Anoplosyllinae

• Streptosyllis

• Streptosyllis bidentata (Southern, 1914)

• Streptosyllis websteri (Southern, 1914)

• Syllides

• Syllides benedicti (Banse, 1971)

• Syllides longocirrata (Ørsted, 1845)

• Eusyllinae

• Eusyllis

• Eusyllis assimilis (Marenzeller, 1875)

• Eusyllis blomstrandi (Malmgren, 1867)

• Eusyllis lamelligera (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)

• Nudisyllis

• Nudisyllis divaricata (Keferstein, 1862)

• Nudisyllis pulligera (Krohn, 1852)

• Odontosyllis

• Odontosyllis ctenostoma (Claparède, 1868)

• Odontosyllis enopla (Verrill, 1900)

• Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833)

• Odontosyllis gibba (Claparède, 1863)

• Odontosyllis phosphorea (Moore, 1909)

• Opisthodonta

• Opisthodonta longocirrata (Saint-Joseph, 1886)

• Pionosyllis

• Pionosyllis compacta (Malmgren, 1867)

• Pionosyllis serratisetosa (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997)

• Synmerosyllis

• Synmerosyllis lamelligera (Saint-Joseph, 1886)

• Autolytinae

• Epigamia

• Epigamia alexandri (Malmgren, 1867)

• Myrianida

• Myrianida brachycephala (Marenzeller, 1874)

• Myrianida edwarsi (Saint-Joseph, 1886)

• Myrianida inermis (Saint-Joseph, 1886)

• Myrianida langerhansi (Gidholm, 1967)

• Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu, 1808)

• Myrianida prolifera (O.F. Müller, 1788)

• Myrianida quinquedecimdentata (Langerhans, 1884)

• Myrianida rubropunctata (Grube, 1860)

• Proceraea

• Proceraea aurantiaca (Claparède, 1868)

• Proceraea cornuta (Agassiz, 1862)

• Proceraea picta (Ehlers, 1864)

• Proceraea prismatica (O.F. Müller, 1776)

• Procerastea halleziana (Malaquin, 1893)

• Procerastea nematodes (Langerhans, 1884)

• Exogoninae

• Brania

• Brania pusilla (Dujardin, 1851)

• Erinaceusyllis

• Erinaceusyllis cirripapillata (San Martín, 2005)

• Erinaceusyllis erinaceus (Claparède, 1863)

• Erinaceusyllis ettiennei (San Martín, 2005)

• Erinaceusyllis hartmannschroederae (San Martín, 2005)

• Erinaceusyllis kathrynae (San Martín, 2005)

• Exogone

• Exogone dispar (Webster, 1879)

• Exogone naidina (Ørsted, 1845)

• Exogone verugera (Claparède, 1868)

• Exogonita Hartman & Fauchald, 1971

• Parapionosyllis Fauvel, 1923

• Parexogone

• Parexogone longicirris (Webster & Benedict, 1887)

• Parexogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884)

• Prosphaerosyllis

• Prosphaerosyllis tetralix (Eliason, 1920)

• Salvatoria McIntosh, 1885

• Salvatoria clavata (Claparède, 1863)

• Salvatoria limbata (Claparède, 1868)

• Salvatoria swedmarki (Gidholm, 1962)

• Sphaerosyllis

• Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculata (San Martín, 2005)

• Sphaerosyllis bulbosa (Southern, 1914)

• Sphaerosyllis goorabantennata (San Martín, 2005)

• Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni (San Martín, 2005)

• Sphaerosyllis hystrix (Claparède, 1863)

• Sphaerosyllis levantina(Faulwetter et al., 2011)

• Sphaerosyllis pirifera (Claparède, 1868)

• Sphaerosyllis taylori (Perkins, 1980)

• Sphaerosyllis voluntariorum (San Martín, 2005)

• Syllinae

• Syllis

• Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)

• Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)

• Syllis albae (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)

• Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)

• Syllis alosae (San Martín, 1992)

• Syllis alternata (Moore, 1908)

• Syllis amica (Quatrefages, 1866)

• Syllis amicarmillaris (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)

• Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)

• Syllis antoniae (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)

• Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)

• Syllis augeneri (Haswell, 1920)

• Syllis barbata (San Martín, 1992)

• Syllis bella (Chamberlin, 1919)

• Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)

• Syllis benguellana (Day, 1963)

• Syllis boggemanni (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)

• Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)

• Syllis brasiliensis (McIntosh, 1885)

• Syllis breviarticulata (Grube, 1857)

• Syllis brevicirrata (McIntosh, 1908)

• Syllis brevicirris (Hansen, 1882)

• Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)

• Syllis caeca (Monro, 1933)

• Syllis castroviejoi (Capa, San Martín & López, 2001)

• Syllis cerina (Grube, 1878)

• Syllis cirrita (Lee & Rho, 1994)

• Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)

• Syllis compacta (Gravier, 1900)

• Syllis corallicola (Verrill, 1900)

• Syllis cornuta (Rathke, 1843)

• Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)

• Syllis cruzi (Núñez & San Martín, 1991)

• Syllis curticirris (Monro, 1937)

• Syllis danieli (San Martín, 1992)

• Syllis deleoni (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)

• Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)

• Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)

• Syllis ergeni (Çinar, 2005)

• Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)

• Syllis fasciata (Malmgren, 1867)

• Syllis ferrani (Alós & San Martín, 1987)

• Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)

• Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)

• Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

• Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)

• Syllis glandulata (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)

• Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)

• Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)

• Syllis gracilis (Grube, 1840)

• Syllis guidae (Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008)

• Syllis heterochaeta (Moore, 1909)

• Syllis hyalina (Grube, 1863)

• Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)

• Syllis joaoi (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)

• Syllis jorgei (San Martín & López, 2000)

• Syllis kabilica (Ben-Eliahu, 1977)

• Syllis karlae (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)

• Syllis kas (Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018)

• Syllis komodoensis (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)

• Syllis krohnii (Ehlers, 1864)

• Syllis lagunae (Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008)

• Syllis latifrons (Grube, 1857)

• Syllis licheri (Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004)

• Syllis limbata (Grube, 1880)

• Syllis longesegmentata (Grube, 1857)

• Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)

• Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

• Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)

• Syllis macroceras (Grube, 1857)

• Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)

• Syllis magdalena (Wesenberg-Lund, 1962)

• Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)

• Syllis marceloi (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)

• Syllis marugani (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006)

• Syllis maryae (San Martín, 1992)

• Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)

• Syllis mayeri (Musco & Giangrande, 2005)

• Syllis mercedesae (Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012)

• Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)

• Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)

• Syllis monilaris (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)

• Syllis mytilorum (Studer, 1889)

• Syllis nigra (Augener, 1925)

• Syllis nigrescens (Grube, 1878)

• Syllis nigricirris (Grube, 1863)

• Syllis nigriscens (Grube, 1878)

• Syllis nigropunctata (Haswell, 1886)

• Syllis notocera (Ehlers, 1905)

• Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

• Syllis obscura (Grube, 1857)

• Syllis onkylochaeta (Hartmann-Schröder, 1991)

• Syllis ortizi (San Martín, 1992)

• Syllis parapari (San Martín & López, 2000)

• Syllis parturiens (Haswell, 1920)

• Syllis pectinans (Haswell, 1920)

• Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)

• Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)

• Syllis pilosa (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)

• Syllis pontxioi (San Martín & López, 2000)

• Syllis profunda (Cognetti, 1955)

• Syllis prolifera (Krohn, 1852)

• Syllis prolixa (Ehlers, 1901)

• Syllis pseudoarmillaris (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)

• Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)

• Syllis quadrifasciata (Fischli, 1900)

• Syllis quaternaria (Moore, 1906)

• Syllis ramosa (McIntosh, 1879)

• Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)

• Syllis robertianae (McIntosh, 1885)

• Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)

• Syllis rubicunda (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)

• Syllis rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1841)

• Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)

• Syllis sclerolaema (Ehlers, 1901)

• Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)

• Syllis sol (San Martín, 2004)

• Syllis stenura (Blanchard in Gay, 1849)

• Syllis tamarae (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)

• Syllis tiedemanni (Delle Chiaje, 1841)

• Syllis torquata (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)

• Syllis tripantu (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)

• Syllis truncata (Haswell, 1920)

• Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)

• Syllis umbricolor (Grube, 1878)

• Syllis unzima (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)

• Syllis valida (Grube, 1857)

• Syllis variegata (Grube, 1860)

• Syllis villenai (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)

• Syllis violacea (Grube, 1870)

• Syllis vittata (Grube, 1840)

• Syllis vivipara (Krohn, 1869)

• Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)

• Syllis westheidei (San Martín, 1984)

• Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)

• Syllis ypsiloides (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)

• Ramisyllis

• Ramisyllis multicaudata (Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012)

• Ramisyllis kingghidorahi (M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to

Syllidae

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cite-note-worms-11. citerefgil-j-musco-l-2015Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

cite-note-22. ↑ "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.

cite-note-eol-33. ↑ citereffukudaFukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

cite-note-0-44. ↑ citereflambhanby2005Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.

cite-note-55. ↑ citerefsan-mart-nworsfold2015San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.

cite-note-sigvaldadottir-66. ↑ citerefsigvaldadottir-elinmackie-andrew-s-y-helgason-gudmundur-v-reish-donald-j-2013Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.

cite-note-77. ↑ citerefvan-tussenbroekvillamilm-rquez-guzm-nwong2016van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.

cite-note-88. ↑ citerefweidhasebeckersbleidornaguado2016Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.

cite-note-99. ↑ "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.

cite-note-marshall-1010. ↑ citerefmarshall-michael2012Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.